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| Registros recuperados: 22 | |
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| Hartwich, Frank; Tola, Jaime; Engler, Alejandra; Gonzalez, Carolina; Ghezan, Graciela; Vazquez-Alvarado, Jorge M.P.; Silva, Jose Antonio; Espinoza Arellano, Jose de Jesus; Gottret, Maria Veronica. |
| Public-private partnerships are a new way of carrying out research and development (R&D) in Latin America's agricultural sector. These partnerships spur innovation for agricultural development and have various advantages over other institutional arrangements fostering R&D. This report summarizes the experiences of a research project that analyzed 125 public-private research partnerships (PPPs) in 12 Latin American countries. The analysis indicates that several types of partnerships have emerged in response to the various needs of the different partners. Nevertheless, public-private partnerships are not always the most appropriate mechanism by which to carry out R&D and foster innovation in agriculture. Sometimes, it is more efficient to... |
| Tipo: Book |
Palavras-chave: Agricultural Innovations; Latin American; Public-private sector cooperation; Agricultural Research; Intellectual property; Food Security and Poverty. |
| Ano: 2008 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/46707 |
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| Loppacher, Laura J.; Kerr, William A.. |
| The People's Republic of China has been working for over two decades to develop a domestic biotechnology industry. Even though China is a developing country, it is set to become a significant international player in the field of biotechnology. China's accession to the World Trade Organization in December of 2001 means that China's trade and regulatory regime should now reflect its WTO commitments. This paper outlines the development of the Chinese biotechnology industry and how it may evolve in the future. It assesses China's current approach to trade and regulation of biotechnology in relation to GATT rules on trade in goods and the TRIPS commitments pertaining to the protection of intellectual property. The conclusion is that China's trade and... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Biotechnology; China; Intellectual property; WTO; International Relations/Trade. |
| Ano: 2004 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23938 |
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| Carvalho,Sabrina IC; Reifschneider,Francisco JB; Ribeiro,Cláudia SC; Bianchetti,Luciano B; Fernandez,Francisco L. |
| ABSTRACT The Registro Nacional de Cultivares [RNC (National Register of Cultivars)] and the Serviço Nacional de Proteção de Cultivares [SNPC (National Service for Cultivar Protection)] were established by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (MAPA) in 1997. The registration of a cultivar in the RNC allows the production, processing and commercialization of seeds in the country. The right of commercial exploitation, assured by the protection of a cultivar in the SNPC, allows the allocation of resources to public and private breeding programs, and the subsequent launching of new cultivars. The authors’ experience with the theme and its relevance to the public and private sectors provided the base for this article, thus sharing the elements... |
| Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
Palavras-chave: Solanum melongena; Intellectual property; Seeds; Morphological characterization; Genetic breeding. |
| Ano: 2018 |
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-05362018000200146 |
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| Salazar,Erika; Montenegro,Gloria. |
| The economical, environmental and social impacts associated with genetically modified (GM) crops are supported by the increased use of GM species by farmers. This increase in the use of GM species has included a global increase in both the number of hectares with GM crops and the number of countries using this technology. However, the use of GM crops has some drawbacks, due to the environmental risks associated with some of the events and social risks related to intellectual property rights issues and the monopoly associated with this technology. An overview of the current status of the use of GM crops in relation to the production, benefits, associated risks, intellectual property rights, legislation and regulatory framework is presented, focusing in the... |
| Tipo: Journal article |
Palavras-chave: Genetically modified organisms; Regulatory framework; Intellectual property; Chile. |
| Ano: 2009 |
URL: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-16202009000300003 |
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| Malkawi, Bashar H.. |
| Jordan acceded to the WTO in 1999. In its accession Jordan agreed, for example, to reduce tariffs on imported products and open its services market; it also modified its intellectual property regime. Jordan enjoyed special and differential treatment in few areas and was not able to designate olive oil as a good eligible for special safeguards. The WTO agreements required fundamental changes in the domestic laws and regulations of Jordan. The article concludes by arguing that Jordan's accession to the WTO was a lengthy and costly process. Jordan agreed to an arduous package of legal and economic reforms. Given that Jordan agreed to greater commitments compared to the obligations of the original WTO members, the multilateral trading system witnessed an... |
| Tipo: Journal Article |
Palavras-chave: Accession; Free trade; Intellectual property; Jordan; Market access; WTO; Financial Economics; International Relations/Trade; Political Economy. |
| Ano: 2010 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/57329 |
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| Pimenta,Samy; Rodrigues,Rosana; Sudré,Cláudia P; Moraes,João GT; Bento,Cíntia S; Medeiros,Artur M. |
| ABSTRACT: In all countries, members of the UPOV (Union Internationale pour la Protection des Obtentions Végétales), of which Brazil is a signatory, to protect a new plant variety is necessary to carry out DUS (Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability) tests. DUS testing forCapsicum spp. is based on 48 descriptors, which involve qualitative and quantitative traits, observed from germination to fruit harvest. This paper describes the performance of DUS tests on lines of chili peppers, which are candidates for protection; we discuss the main aspects related to operational difficulties, the relevance of some descriptors for the protection process and highlight the importance of protecting new plant varieties as national intellectual property. Four C. annuum... |
| Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
Palavras-chave: Capsicum annuum; Intellectual property; DUS test; Bacterial spot resistance; Agribusiness innovation.. |
| Ano: 2016 |
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-05362016000200161 |
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| Thirtle, Colin G.; Srinivasan, Chittur S.; Heisey, Paul W.. |
| Intellectual property protection, globalization, and pressure on public budgets in many industrialized countries have shifted the balance of plant breeding activity from the public to the private sector. Several economic factors influence the relative shares of public versus private sector plant breeding activity, with varying results over time, over country, and over crop. The private sector, for example, dominates corn breeding throughout the industrialized world, but public and private activities in wheat breeding differ widely in Western Europe, different regions of the United States, Canada, and Australia. Public sector involvement in plant breeding may have benefits to society that the private sector's activities may not, fostering greater sharing of... |
| Tipo: Report |
Palavras-chave: Plant breeding; Economics; Public sector; Private sector; Research policy; Biotechnology; Intellectual property; Crop Production/Industries; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies. |
| Ano: 2001 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/33775 |
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| Kerr, William A.. |
| There is a major split between developed and developing countries over the protection of the patents in pharmaceuticals in the TRIPS. This dispute is symptomatic of the difficulties of incorporating a non-trade issue into a trade organization. Incentives and threats are examined in the context of the TRIPS. It is concluded that developing countries have no direct incentives to protect intellectual property, that the threat of trade actions is unlikely to induce compliance and that the use of indirect incentives is discredited and will fail to achieve its objective over the long run. Successful protection of intellectual property in developing countries will require a way to provide them with a direct incentive to enforce such protection. |
| Tipo: Journal Article |
Palavras-chave: Enforcement; Incentives; Intellectual property; Knowledge economy; Threats; TRIPS; International Relations/Trade. |
| Ano: 2003 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23815 |
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| Ibele, Erik W.. |
| There are two basic types of legal regime for the protection of geographical indications (GIs). Some systems, notably that of the European Union, define and treat GIs as a distinct type of intellectual property. This approach is also reflected in the provisions concerning GIs in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement). Other legal systems, notably those of Australia, Canada and the United States, treat GIs as a subcategory of trademarks. Like trademarks, GIs function principally as a means of providing information to consumers. EU legislation and jurisprudence, however, define GIs more expansively than do trademark-based legal systems, and see GIs as in some ways superior to trademarks. The EU is attempting... |
| Tipo: Journal Article |
Palavras-chave: Geographical indications; Intellectual property; Origin Regulation; Trademarks; TRIPS; WTO; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; International Relations/Trade. |
| Ano: 2009 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48791 |
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| Geuze, Matthijs. |
| This article provides an overview of the provisions on geographical indications contained in the TRIPS Agreement and how they came about in the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations, which took place from 1986 to 1994 and resulted in the establishment of the World Trade Organization. The article underscores the difficulties involved in arriving at international standards in this area of intellectual property by putting the TRIPS provisions on geographical indications in their historical perspective of more than 120 years of international negotiations and by explaining their compromise character in the context of the single undertaking of the Uruguay Round and the continuing discussions at the international level, notably under the Doha... |
| Tipo: Journal Article |
Palavras-chave: Agriculture; Geographical indications; Intellectual property; WIPO; WTO; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; International Relations/Trade. |
| Ano: 2009 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48792 |
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| Gaisford, James D.; Richardson, R. Stephen. |
| The world standards for patents and copyrights established by the Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) have been controversial from their inception. This article establishes parallels between cooperative increases in the duration of intellectual property protection and cooperative reductions in tariff protection. Whereas a countrys tariffs lead to unintended harm to other countries, its intellectual property protection generates unintended benefits. The long-established GATT principle of trade liberalization has traditionally achieved mutual gains for countries of all types through symmetric tariff rate cuts that result in different final rates. By contrast, the TRIPS agreement created the likelihood of losses for developing... |
| Tipo: Journal Article |
Palavras-chave: Copyrights; Innovation; Intellectual property; Patents; Trade-related intellectual property rights; International Relations/Trade. |
| Ano: 2001 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23839 |
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| Registros recuperados: 22 | |
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